Recognizing a Healthy Horse

When horses are not feeling well, they will often display physiological and behavioral signs indicating illness. These signs are deviations from the horse's normal state, and in certain situations a veterinarian may need to be contacted to determine what is wrong. A horse's normal state, or their typical behavior and physiological measurements when they are healthy, can be assessed by looking at vital signs, appetite, attitude, weight and body condition, posture, thirst, and defecation. Subtle changes in these observations can clue owners in that their horse is unwell and that a veterinary professional should be contacted. Assessment of a horse's normal state should be included in routine management and conducted regularly rather than just when illness is suspected.

Vital Signs

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration

Temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR) are three critical vital signs evaluated when assessing a horse's health. These signs indicate the horse's internal body temperature, heart rate, and breathing rate, respectively. Just like with people, when horses are sick, they may have abnormal values for these three measurements. It is important to know what the normal TPR measurements are for your horse so you can better detect changes. Incorporating a TPR assessment into your normal management routine can be very helpful, as it allows you to become comfortable with evaluating vital signs, allows your horse to grow accustomed to having them assessed, and provides a baseline for that horse's typical values.

TPR Averages

Average TPRs have been calculated for both adult horses and foals; however, some differences can occur from horse to horse. Variations are mostly due to differences in age, sex, and genetics. Your horse's TPR should be checked periodically so the horse's individual average is known for comparison when illness is suspected. In the table below (Table 1), the average TPR measurements for adult horses and foals are listed. These numbers are for horses at rest. Horses that are excited, have just been exercised, or may be sick or lame typically have higher values.

Table 1. Average values for temperature, pulse, and respiration for adult horses and foals.

Note. Values from the American Association of Equine Practitioners.

Mucous Membranes and Capillary Refill

Mucous membranes and tissue blood flow are also evaluated when assessing a horse's overall health. Mucous membranes are tissues that line a part of the body and secrete mucus, such as the oral and nasal cavities. The texture, color, and wetness of mucous membranes are often evaluated when determining hydration levels and, for horses, this is most often done by looking at the gums. When healthy and hydrated, a horse's gums will be shiny, wet, and pink (Figure 1). If the horse is dehydrated, the gums will be dry, pale, and/or tacky instead. You should consult your veterinarian if your horse's gums show signs of dehydration.